Concanamycin A is the major analogue of the concanamycin complex produced by Streptomyces sp. It has been shown to act as a potent and specific vacuolar-ATPase inhibitor. Concanamycin A inhibits the acidification of organelles and blocks cell surface expression of viral envelope glycoproteins without affecting their synthesis. It also interferes with intracellular protein trafficking and inhibits perforin- and Fas-based lytic pathways in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Concanamycins are structurally related to the bafilomycins.